Gardening ranges in scale from fruit orchards, to long boulevard plantings with one or more different types of shrubs, trees and herbaceous plants, to residential yards including lawns and foundation plantings, to large or small containers grown inside or outside. Gardening may be very specialized, with only one type of plant grown, or involve a large number of different plants in mixed plantings. It involves an active participation in the growing of plants, and tends to be labor intensive, which differentiates it from farming or forestry.

The most basic is ploughing which cuts the roots of annual weeds. Today, chemical weed killers known as herbicides are widely used.

Irrigation is also a term used in medical/dental fields to refer to flushing and washing out anything with water or another liquid.

any substance or mixture of substances intended for preventing, destroying or controlling any pest, including vectors of human or animal disease, unwanted species of plants or animals causing harm during or otherwise interfering with the production, processing, storage, transport or marketing of food, agricultural commodities, wood and wood products or animal feedstuffs, or substances which may be administered to animals for the control of insects, arachnids or other pests in or on their bodies. The term includes substances intended for use as a plant growth regulator, defoliant, desiccant or agent for thining fruit or preventing the premature fall of fruit, and substances applied to crops either before or after harvest to protect the commodity from deterioration during storage and transport.

Like many of the natural sciences, a conceptual understanding of ecology is found in the broader details of study, including:

* life processes explaining adaptations
* distribution and abundance of organisms
* the movement of materials and energy through living communities
* the successional development of ecosystems, and
* the abundance and distribution of biodiversity in context of the environment.[1][2][3]

Ecology is distinguished from natural history, which deals primarily with the descriptive study of organisms. It is a sub-discipline of biology, which is the study of life.

There are many practical applications of ecology in conservation biology, wetland management, natural resource management (agriculture, forestry, fisheries), city planning (urban ecology), community health, economics, basic & applied science and it provides a conceptual framework for understanding and researching human social interaction (human ecology)

Aristotle divided all living things between plants (which generally do not move), and animals (which often are mobile to catch their food). In Linnaeus’ system, these became the Kingdoms Vegetabilia (later Metaphyta or Plantae) and Animalia (also called Metazoa). Since then, it has become clear that the Plantae as originally defined included several unrelated groups, and the fungi and several groups of algae were removed to new kingdoms. However, these are still often considered plants in many contexts, both technical and popular.

Norman E. Borlaug

Norman E. Borlaug led the introduction of semi-dwarf high-yield, disease-resistant wheat varieties and modern agricultural production techniques to Mexico, Pakistan, and India. As a result, Mexico became a net exporter of wheat by 1963. Between 1965 and 1970, wheat yields nearly doubled in Pakistan and India, greatly improving the food security in those nations. These collective increases in yield have been labeled the Green Revolution, and Borlaug is often credited with saving over a billion people from starvation.[1] He was awarded the Nobel Peace Prize in 1970 in recognition of his contributions to world peace through increasing food supply. In 1986, he established the World Food Prize to recognize individuals who have improved the quality, quantity or availability of food around the globe.
[edit] Edward L. Murphy II

Edward L. Murphy II was credited with the first retrifution of Bermuda and bahia hybrid. Murphy’s hydrid indoctrination breeding and selection criteria of seeds is currently used on many PGA sanctioned courses.[citation needed]
[edit] Perry G. Holden

Perry G. Holden was the first professor of agronomy in the United States[2]. Through his various outreach programs to promote the use of hybrid corn seeds he became known as the “corn evangelist”.[3] While at Iowa State University, Perry Holden developed important plant breeding techniques. These plant breeding techniques resulting in amazing yield increases that improved the quality of life for farmers while lowering the cost of food.

In seeding, little if any soil is placed over the seeds. More precisely, seeds can be generally sown into the soil by maintaining a planting depth of about 2-3 times the size of the seed.
[edit] Sowing types and patterns

For hand sowing, several sowing types exist; these include [7]:

* Flat sowing
* Ridge sowing
* Wide bed sowing

Several patterns for sowing may be used together with these types; these include:

* Regular rows
* Rows that are indented at the even rows (so that the seeds are placed in a crossed pattern). This method is much better, as more light may fall on the seedlings as they come out.